The Existence of God
-A basic problem is that there is no universally accepted definition of “God” or ”existence.”
-A wide variety of arguments exist which can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective.
-The term "God" typically refers to a monotheistic concept of a supreme being that is unlike any other being.
-Classical theism asserts that God possesses every possible perfection, including such qualities as omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect benevolence.
-Other philosophical approaches take a logically simple definition of God such as "the prime mover" or "the uncaused cause.“
By contrast, Pantheists do not believe in a personal god.
Arguments for the Existence of God
-The cosmological argument argues that there was a "first cause", or "prime mover" who is identified as God. It starts with a claim about the world, like its containing entities or motion.
-The teleological argument argues that the universe's order and complexity are best explained by reference to a creator God. It starts with a rather more complicated claim about the world, i.e. that it exhibits order and design.
-The ontological argument is based on arguments about a "being greater than which cannot be conceived.“ It starts simply with a concept of God.
-The anthropic argument suggests that basic facts, such as our existence, are best explained by the existence of God.
-A wide variety of arguments exist which can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective.
-The term "God" typically refers to a monotheistic concept of a supreme being that is unlike any other being.
-Classical theism asserts that God possesses every possible perfection, including such qualities as omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect benevolence.
-Other philosophical approaches take a logically simple definition of God such as "the prime mover" or "the uncaused cause.“
By contrast, Pantheists do not believe in a personal god.
Arguments for the Existence of God
-The cosmological argument argues that there was a "first cause", or "prime mover" who is identified as God. It starts with a claim about the world, like its containing entities or motion.
-The teleological argument argues that the universe's order and complexity are best explained by reference to a creator God. It starts with a rather more complicated claim about the world, i.e. that it exhibits order and design.
-The ontological argument is based on arguments about a "being greater than which cannot be conceived.“ It starts simply with a concept of God.
-The anthropic argument suggests that basic facts, such as our existence, are best explained by the existence of God.
-The moral argument argues that the existence of objective morality depends on the existence of God.
The Cosmological Argument
-The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of a First Cause (an Uncaused cause) to the universe, and by extension is often used as an argument for the existence of an "unconditioned" or "supreme" being, identified as God.
-It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, the causal argument or the argument from existence.
-The basic premise of this argument is that something caused the Universe to exist, and this First Cause must be God.
The Cosmological Argument
-The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of a First Cause (an Uncaused cause) to the universe, and by extension is often used as an argument for the existence of an "unconditioned" or "supreme" being, identified as God.
-It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, the causal argument or the argument from existence.
-The basic premise of this argument is that something caused the Universe to exist, and this First Cause must be God.
-It has been used by various theologians and philosophers over the centuries, from Plato and Aristotle to the medieval St. Thomas Aquinas and the 20th century Frederick Copleston.
-The cosmological argument could be stated as follows:
-The cosmological argument could be stated as follows:
#Every finite and contingent being has a cause.
#Nothing finite and contingent can cause itself.
#A causal chain cannot be of infinite length.
#Therefore, a First Cause (or something that is not an effect) must exist.
-In light of the Big Bang theory, a stylized version of argument has emerged, such as this:
#Whatever begins to exist has a cause.
#The Universe began to exist.
#Therefore, the Universe had a cause.
Teleological Argument
-A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an argument for the existence of God based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction — or some combination of these — in nature.
-The word "teleological" is derived from the Greek word telos, meaning "end" or "purpose".
-Teleology is the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.
-The basic argument can be stated as follows:
#Nature exhibits complexity, order, adaptation, purpose and/or beauty.
#The exhibited feature(s) cannot be explained by random or accidental processes, but only as a product of mind.
#Therefore, there exists a mind that has produced or is producing nature.
-Other form of the argument stated as follows:
#All things that are designed were preconceived, intended, purposed or contrived.
#Preconception, intention, purpose, and contrivance necessitate an intellect, mind or will.
#All things that are irreducibly complex display intention and preconception.
#The universe contains non-man made things that are irreducibly complex.
#Those things display intention and preconception. Those things necessitate an intellect, mind or will.
Ontological Argument
-Ontological argument attempts the method of a priori proof, which uses intuition and reason alone. It was first proposed by the Medieval philosophers such as Avicenna and Anselm of Canterbury.
-The ontological argument has been a controversial topic in philosophy. Many philosophers, including St. Thomas Aquinas, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Bertrand Russell, have openly criticized it.
-Among Islamic philosophers, Al-Ghazali, Averroes and Mulla Sadra criticised Avicenna's argument in varied ways.
-The argument examines the concept of God, and states that if we can conceive of the greatest possible being, then it must exist.
-The argument is often criticized as committing a bare assertion fallacy, as it offers no supportive premise other than qualities inherent to the unproven statement.
-This is also called a circular argument, because the premise relies on the conclusion, which in turn relies on the premise.
-Anselm′s Argument for the Existence of God is as follows:
#God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived
#God may exist in the understanding.
#To exist in reality and in the understanding is greater than to exist in the understanding alone.
#Therefore, God exists in reality.
Anthropic Argument
-Also called a fine-tuned universe argument.
-The idea that the conditions that allow life in the Universe can only occur when certain universal fundamental physical constants lie within a very narrow range, so that if any of several fundamental constants were only slightly different the universe would be unlikely to be conducive to the establishment and development of matter, astronomical structures, elemental diversity, or life as it is presently understood.
-Stephen Hawking said, "The laws of science, as we know them at present, contain many fundamental numbers, like the size of the electric charge of the electron and the ratio of the masses of the proton and the electron. ... The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life."
Moral Argument
-This argument comes in different forms, all aiming to demonstrate God’s existence from some observations about morality in the world.
-All forms of the moral argument begin with the premise of moral normativity, that is, that well-functioning human beings are typically aware of actions as being right and wrong.
-Furthermore, this awareness binds them to certain obligations, regardless of their personal goals and ends. In this sense, moral qualities have the appearance of objectivity.
-When someone says "I ought to do something" they do not mean the same as "I would like to do something".
-Moral facts exist. Moral facts are transcendental in nature. The best explanation of there being transcendental moral facts is provided by theism. Therefore the existence of moral facts provides good grounds for thinking theism is true.
-Moral Argument (Kant)
#Nothing finite and contingent can cause itself.
#A causal chain cannot be of infinite length.
#Therefore, a First Cause (or something that is not an effect) must exist.
-In light of the Big Bang theory, a stylized version of argument has emerged, such as this:
#Whatever begins to exist has a cause.
#The Universe began to exist.
#Therefore, the Universe had a cause.
Teleological Argument
-A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an argument for the existence of God based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction — or some combination of these — in nature.
-The word "teleological" is derived from the Greek word telos, meaning "end" or "purpose".
-Teleology is the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature.
-The basic argument can be stated as follows:
#Nature exhibits complexity, order, adaptation, purpose and/or beauty.
#The exhibited feature(s) cannot be explained by random or accidental processes, but only as a product of mind.
#Therefore, there exists a mind that has produced or is producing nature.
-Other form of the argument stated as follows:
#All things that are designed were preconceived, intended, purposed or contrived.
#Preconception, intention, purpose, and contrivance necessitate an intellect, mind or will.
#All things that are irreducibly complex display intention and preconception.
#The universe contains non-man made things that are irreducibly complex.
#Those things display intention and preconception. Those things necessitate an intellect, mind or will.
Ontological Argument
-Ontological argument attempts the method of a priori proof, which uses intuition and reason alone. It was first proposed by the Medieval philosophers such as Avicenna and Anselm of Canterbury.
-The ontological argument has been a controversial topic in philosophy. Many philosophers, including St. Thomas Aquinas, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Bertrand Russell, have openly criticized it.
-Among Islamic philosophers, Al-Ghazali, Averroes and Mulla Sadra criticised Avicenna's argument in varied ways.
-The argument examines the concept of God, and states that if we can conceive of the greatest possible being, then it must exist.
-The argument is often criticized as committing a bare assertion fallacy, as it offers no supportive premise other than qualities inherent to the unproven statement.
-This is also called a circular argument, because the premise relies on the conclusion, which in turn relies on the premise.
-Anselm′s Argument for the Existence of God is as follows:
#God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived
#God may exist in the understanding.
#To exist in reality and in the understanding is greater than to exist in the understanding alone.
#Therefore, God exists in reality.
Anthropic Argument
-Also called a fine-tuned universe argument.
-The idea that the conditions that allow life in the Universe can only occur when certain universal fundamental physical constants lie within a very narrow range, so that if any of several fundamental constants were only slightly different the universe would be unlikely to be conducive to the establishment and development of matter, astronomical structures, elemental diversity, or life as it is presently understood.
-Stephen Hawking said, "The laws of science, as we know them at present, contain many fundamental numbers, like the size of the electric charge of the electron and the ratio of the masses of the proton and the electron. ... The remarkable fact is that the values of these numbers seem to have been very finely adjusted to make possible the development of life."
Moral Argument
-This argument comes in different forms, all aiming to demonstrate God’s existence from some observations about morality in the world.
-All forms of the moral argument begin with the premise of moral normativity, that is, that well-functioning human beings are typically aware of actions as being right and wrong.
-Furthermore, this awareness binds them to certain obligations, regardless of their personal goals and ends. In this sense, moral qualities have the appearance of objectivity.
-When someone says "I ought to do something" they do not mean the same as "I would like to do something".
-Moral facts exist. Moral facts are transcendental in nature. The best explanation of there being transcendental moral facts is provided by theism. Therefore the existence of moral facts provides good grounds for thinking theism is true.
-Moral Argument (Kant)
#The summum bonum (Highest Good) is where moral virtue and happiness coincide.
#We are rationally obliged to attain the summum bonum.
#What we are obliged to attain, it must be possible for us to attain.
#If there is no god or afterlife, it is not possible to attain the summum bonum.
#God (or the afterlife) must exist.
#We are rationally obliged to attain the summum bonum.
#What we are obliged to attain, it must be possible for us to attain.
#If there is no god or afterlife, it is not possible to attain the summum bonum.
#God (or the afterlife) must exist.